Microscopic features of nematode reproduction: male copulatory bursa structure, caudal alae, and the mechanism of female fixation during helminth mating.
The male bursate nematode (right) uses its bursa (copulatory bursa) to grasp the female (positioned diagonally).
Male non-bursate nematodes assume a mating posture, using sensory papillae near their cloaca for precise alignment. Some of them are aided in this process by the presence of caudal alae, which function as a miniature bursa.
Source: Dennis Jacobs - Principles of Veterinary Parasitology, 2016.
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